Tuesday, January 28, 2014

can you tell me why the electron configuration for a lead atom is?

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[Xe] (4f^14 )(5d^10)(6s^2)(6p^2)
can u plz show me how to get this...



Answer
Okay try and follow me with this, if I had my scanner here I'd do this on paper and scan it in for you but this is the best we can do now:

-Pull out a periodic table & look up Lead (Pb) it has an atomic number of 82.
-Okay, your instructor should have given you the list of the oder that the electrons would fill in each sublevel, like the following
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d
7s 7p (and such...)

The way that the electrons will fill each sublevel goes diagonally down starting with like so: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s (notice here that I didn't continue on with 3d but INSTEAD i went diagonaly down-left to 4s because this is of lower energy than 3d-continue...go back up to level 3) 3d 4p 5s (notice diaginally down-left)

Now you know that you must know that each "sublevel"(i.e. s, p, d, f) has a certain number of orbital:
s = 1
p = 3
d = 5
f = 7
And in each orbital there can be two electrons occupying that spot therefore the max. number of electrons per sublevel is:
electrons in s = 1 x 2e- = 2e-
electrons in p = 3 x 2e- = 6e-
electrons in d = 5 x 2e- = 10e-
electrons in f = 7 x 2e- = 14e-

Now to your question:
Lets write the sublevels up to where you will have up to 82 electrons:
1s^2, 2s^2, 2p^6, 3s^2, 3p^6, 4s^2, 3d^10, 4p^6, 5s^2, 4d^10, 5p^6, 6s^2, 4f^14, 5d^10, 6p^2

Okay now gather all the exponents and add to see if you get 82 electrons (expoenents represent the number of electrons in each sublevel):
2 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 10 + 6 + 2 + 10 + 6 + 2 + 14 + 10 + 2 = 82

This is the long way of writing the elctron configuration of lead in order to write the short way you use a nobel gas to replace some of those earlier electrons. This method requires looking at the periodic table and looking for the near noble gas with a fewer number of electrons than lead. Therefore go up a row and the noble gas turns out to be [Xe]. You know that Xe's atomic number is 54 and therefore has 54 electrons already. Take 82 (Pb-lead) - 54 (Xe) = 28

So you can write [Xe] and then add on another 28 electrons.
Well, just go back up to the long-hand method: 1s^2, 2s^2, 2p^6, 3s^2, 3p^6, 4s^2, 3d^10, 4p^6, 5s^2, 4d^10, 5p^6, 6s^2, 4f^14, 5d^10, 6p^2

add up the electrons until you get 54 which is equal to [Xe]:
2 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 10 + 6 + 2 + 10 + 6 = 54 Therefore everything up to 5p^6 represents [Xe] so you've accrounted for most of those orbitals, you only have 28 left which is essentially the (6s^2, 4f^14, 5d^10, 6p^2) part:
2 + 14 + 10 + 2 = 28 (there's your remaning 28 electrons)

Therefore the short-hand way is: [Xe] 6s^2 4f^14 5d^10 6p^2

I hope this helps!!

Good luck!

Here's also a website for you to read and review there seems to be some examples at the bottom. http://www.fordhamprep.org/gcurran/sho/sho/lessons/lesson36.htm

Love,
Mary

What are the some of the best applications of c and c++ language except unix?




rahul





Answer
HERE ARE LIST OF FAMOUS C C++ APPS

Adobe systems
All major applications of adobe systems are developed in C++ programming language. These applications include Photoshop & ImageReady, Illustrator and Adobe Premier.

Google
Some of the Google applications are also written in C++, including Google file system and Google Chromium.

Mozilla
Internet browser Firefox and email client Thunderbird are written in C++ programming language and they are also open source projects.

MySQL
MySQL is the worldâs most popular open source database software, with over 100 million copies of its software downloaded or distributed throughout its history. Many of the worldâs largest and fastest-growing organizations use MySQL to save time and money powering their high-volume Web sites, critical business systems, and packaged software â including industry leaders such as Yahoo!, Alcatel-Lucent, Google, Nokia, YouTube, Wikipedia, and Booking.com.

Alias System â Autodesk Maya
Maya 3D software was originally developed by Alias System Corporation and was later carried over by Autodesk. Maya 3D software, now a days is widely used in computers, video games, television. It is a powerful, integrated 3D modelling, animation, visual effects, and rendering solution.

Winamp Media Player
Winamp is the ultimate media player, allows you to manage audio and video files, rip and burn CDs, enjoy free music, access and share your music and videos remotely, and sync your music to your iPod , Creative, and Microsoft Plays for Sure devices . Winamp features album art support, streams audio and video content, and provides access to thousands of internet radio stations and podcasts.

12D Solutions
12D Solutions Pty Ltd is an Australian software developer specialising in civil engineering and surveying applications. Computer Aided Design system for surveying, civil engineering, and more. 12D Solutions clients include civil and water engineering consultants, environmental consultants, surveyors, local, state and national government departments and authorities, research institutes, construction companies and mining consultants.

Bloomberg
Providing real-time financial information to investors.

callas Software
callas software develops pdf creation, optmisation, updation and pdf form creation tools and plugins.

Image Systems
These are the world leading motion analysys programs and film scanner systems.

Operating systems written in C++ programming language.
Apple â OS X
Few parts of apple OS X are written in C++ programming language. Also few application for iPod are written in C++.

Microsoft
Literally most of the software are developed using various flavors of Visual C++ or simply C++. Most of the big applications like Windows 95, 98, Me, 200 and XP are also written in C++. Also Microsoft Office, Internet Explorer and Visual Studio are written in Visual C++.

Symbian OS
Symbian OS is also developed using C++. This is one of the most widespread OSâs for cellular phones.

http://www.mycplus.com/featured-articles/top-10-applications-written-in-c-cplusplus/




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